Most reference citations follow the same general format, regardless of source type (ie. journal article vs. book vs. website). The main differences are the parts of the citation that are in italics. Using the pages in this guide, find the type of source you are citing and create your citation based on the examples on that page.
Use the checklist in the Tips for Reference Lists box below to ensure you meet all reference list requirements.
Author, A. A. (date). Title. Publisher Information. DOI/URL (if applicable)
O'Connor, C. & Zaidi, H. (2021). Communicating with purpose: Image work, social media, and policing. Police Journal, 94(3), 333-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20932957
Adams, T. M. & Anderson, L. R. (2019). Policing in natural disasters: Stress, resilience, and the challenges of emergency management. Temple University Press.
Mulhauser, G. (2014, December 20). An introduction to cognitive therapy & Cognitive behavioural approaches. Counselling Resource. http://counsellingresource.com/types/cognitive-therapy/
For more examples, review the pages of this guide.
A unique alphanumeric code that provides a persistent link for electronic items (articles, books, etc.).
Example: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024996
If a DOI is available for a source, always include it in the reference citation (even for print sources)
Use the checklist below to make sure your reference list meets all APA requirements: